Accommodations – Changes in how a student learns or demonstrates learning, without altering the curriculum. Examples: extra time on tests, preferential seating.

ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) – Federal law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. Applies to schools, workplaces, and public spaces.

Assistive Technology (AT) – Devices or software that help students access learning, like communication apps or screen readers.

Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) – A plan developed for students whose behaviors interfere with learning. Includes strategies and supports to improve behavior.

CSE (Committee on Special Education) – The team in NYS that evaluates, identifies, and plans special education services for school-age children.

CPSE (Committee on Preschool Special Education) – NYS committee that plans and provides services for children ages 3–5 with disabilities.

Curriculum Modifications – Changes to what a student is expected to learn, as opposed to accommodations, which change how they learn it.

Disability – A physical, cognitive, emotional, or developmental condition that substantially limits one or more major life activities.

Due Process – Legal procedures that protect the rights of students and parents in special education matters, including formal hearings if disputes arise.

Early Intervention (EI) – Services for infants and toddlers (birth to age 3) with developmental delays or disabilities in NYS.

Eligibility – Determination of whether a student qualifies for special education services. In NYS, eligibility is determined by the CSE or CPSE.

Extended School Year (ESY) – Special education services provided outside the regular school year for students who need them to prevent regression.

FAPE (Free Appropriate Public Education) – The legal requirement that schools provide students with disabilities an education tailored to their needs at no cost to the family.

IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) – Federal law governing special education, ensuring services for eligible students with disabilities.

IEP (Individualized Education Program) – A written plan created by the CSE that outlines a student’s educational goals, supports, accommodations, and services.

Inclusion – Educating students with disabilities alongside their non-disabled peers in the general education classroom.

Intervention Services – Targeted instruction or supports provided to students to help them meet learning goals.

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) – The setting that allows students with disabilities to learn alongside non-disabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate.

Modification – A change to what a student is expected to learn or demonstrate; more substantial than an accommodation.

Parental Consent – Parents must give permission for evaluations, initial placement, or certain services in special education.

Placement – The type of classroom or program in which a student receives special education services. Examples: general education with support, self-contained classroom, specialized school.

Progress Monitoring – Regular tracking of a student’s academic or behavioral progress to guide instruction.

Related Services – Support services provided to help a student benefit from special education. Examples: speech therapy, occupational therapy, counseling.

Response to Intervention (RTI) – A multi-tiered approach to identifying students who need extra academic or behavioral support before special education referral.

Section 504 – Part of the Rehabilitation Act that protects students with disabilities and requires schools to provide accommodations so they can access learning.

Special Education – Instruction and services provided to students with disabilities to meet their unique learning needs.

Student Support Team (SST) – School-based team that identifies strategies and interventions for students experiencing academic or behavioral challenges, sometimes before a formal special education referral.

Transition Planning – Planning to help students move from school to post-school life, including higher education, employment, and independent living.

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) – A framework for teaching that provides multiple ways for students to access content, engage, and demonstrate learning.

Wrightslaw – A nationally recognized resource for parents and educators on special education law, advocacy, and strategy.